9/17/2023 0 Comments Symptoms of pica in toddlers![]() Sudanese adolescents have been found to have a high level of anemia and trace element deficiency. Adolescents in Sudan have recently been shown to have a high prevalence of obesogenic behaviors and bullying victimization. There are specific health programs for adolescents in several countries, although this is not the case for those in Sudan, which is the second-largest African country. It has been estimated that there are 1.2 billion adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years in the world, 90% of whom are in low- or middle-income countries. Īdolescents are young, growing individuals. Craving, alleviating gastrointestinal upset, hypersalivation, religious practice, culture, being a natural stimulant, and feeling relief are the main reasons for pica. ![]() Several factors, such as sex (female) and family history of pica, have been associated with the disorder. The prevalence of pica among children has been reported to vary between countries. Several co-morbidities, such as symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, general eating disorders, depression, and anxiety, and less positive body image have recently been reported to be associated with pica. If picked up in childhood, pica can continue into adulthood and remain throughout life. Pica and geophagia are associated with anemia, gastrointestinal obstruction, and heavy metal poisoning. Recent reports have shown that not only pregnant women have pica but also non-pregnant women and men. Pica, the craving and purposive eating of non-food items, is a common worldwide problem, especially among children, adolescents, and pregnant women. Geophagy (“consumption of earth”), amylophagy (“consumption of raw starches such as cornstarch or uncooked rice”), and pagophagy (“consumption of large quantities of ice”) are the most common types of pica. Pica is a new diagnostic entity in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 American Psychiatric Association) and in the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (World Health Organization). Further research is needed to develop guidelines, medical training, and practice. Caregivers need to assess pica in adolescents. In Sudan, symptoms of pica are common among adolescents, especially females. In the logistic regression analysis, females (adjusted odds ratio = 3.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.15‒5.78) and a lower level of father’s education (adjusted odds ratio = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.26‒3.34) were associated with symptoms of pica. The most common type of pica was geophagia (eating clay and sand 102 adolescents, 86.4%), followed by pagophagia (eating ice 14 adolescents, 11.8%) and flour (starch two adolescents, 1.6%). The prevalence of symptoms of pica was found to be 30.7%, accounting for 118 adolescents. ![]() Their median (interquartile range) age was 15.1 (13.1‒16.3) years. Of the 384 enrolled adolescents, 180 (46.9%) were male and 204 (53.1%) were female. Logistic regression analysis was performed. ![]() Weight and height were measured using a standard procedure, and the body mass index Z-score was computed using the World Health Organization’s reference values. ![]() Sociodemographic information (age, sex, mother’s education, mother’s occupation, and father’s education) was collected through a questionnaire. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of symptoms of pica among adolescent schoolchildren in northern Sudan.Ī school‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted from July to September 2022 among adolescent students (aged 10–19 years) in four public primary and secondary schools in Almatamah locality in north Sudan. There are few published data on pica among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, and no study has been carried- out in Sudan. Pica, the craving for and purposive eating of non-food items, is a common worldwide problem, especially among children and pregnant women. ![]()
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